|
Nabi Musa ((アラビア語:نبي موسى), meaning the "Prophet Moses",〔For Moses as ''nabi'' in Islamic holy scripture see Quran 19:51 (glossed by ''rasul'' ‘messenger’). For 'nabi’ in the Hebrew Scriptures see, for example, Numbers 12:6-8. The word comes from a Semitic root meaning 'to gush forth'. For a survey of the philological evidence see G Johannes Botterweck, Helmer Ringgren, Heinz-Josef Fabry, ''Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament'', Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing 1998 pp.135ff.140f.〕 also transliterated Nebi Musa) is the name of a site in the Judean desert which popular Palestinian folklore associates with Moses. It is also the name of a seven-day long religious festival that was celebrated annually by Palestinian Muslims, beginning on the Friday before Good Friday in the old Orthodox Greek calendar.〔 Originally published by Fleming H. Revell 1902〕 Considered "the most important Muslim pilgrimage in Palestine,"〔Rivka Gonen, ''Contested Holiness: Jewish, Muslim, and Christian Perspectives on the Temple,'' KTAV Publishing House 2003 p.138〕 the festival centered on a collective pilgrimage from Jerusalem to what was understood to be the Tomb of Moses, near Jericho. A Palestinian village with the same name lies close to the site.〔 In 2007 it had a residential population of 309 according to the census by the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS).〔(2007 PCBS Census ). Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS). p. 115. Retrieved on 2012-07-04〕 ==History== The Jerusalem-Jericho road was one of the primary routes used by Mediterranean Arabs to make a pilgrimage to Mecca. The great, many-domed building which marks the Mausoleum of Moses was located at what would be have marked the end of the first day's march in that direction. Originally, it was simply a point from which pilgrims could look across the Jordan Valley and catch a glimpse of Mount Nebo where (as suggested by the Hebrew Bible) the tomb of Moses was thought to be located.〔Jerome Murphy-O'Connor, ''The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700'', Oxford University Press 1998 p.369〕 It appears to have become a fixed point in the local Muslim calendar from the time of Saladin.〔Uri M. Kupferschmidt. ''The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine,'' Brill, 1987 p.231〕 In 1269 the Mamluk sultan Baibars al-Bunduqdari built a small shrine here, as part of a general policy he adopted after conquering towns and rural areas from Lebanon down to Hebron from the Crusaders. The shrines were mostly dedicated to biblical prophets and the companions of Mohammed, and their maintenance was funded by an ''awqaf'', an endowment from properties that formerly belonged to the Latin Church. In the case of Nabi Musa, the waqf fund was secured from ecclesiastical assets expropriated in nearby Jericho.〔Yehoshua Frenkel,’The Impact of the Crusades on Rural Society and Religious Endowments: The Case of Medieval Syria (Bilad al-Sham),’ in Yaacov Lev (ed.) ''War and Society in the Eastern Mediterranean,7th.-15th Centuries'', (The Medieval Mediterranean:Peoples, Economies and Cultures,400-1453, vol.9) Brill, 1997 pp237-248 p.246〕 Baibars al-Bunduqdari's constructive piety set a precedent for others. Over the late medieval period, hostels for travellers were built on adjacent to the shrine, and the hospice in its present form was completed in the decade between 1470 and 1480. Gradually, the lookout point for Moses' distant gravesite beyond the Jordan was confused with Moses' tomb itself, laying the ground for the cultic importance Nabi Musa was to acquire in the Palestinian worship of saints (''walis''). Ottoman Turks, around 1820, restored the buildings, which had, over the previous centuries, fallen into a state of dilapidated disrepair. In addition, they promoted a festive pilgrimage to the shrine that would always coincide with the Christian celebration of Easter, giving Muslims a way to celebrate during the time that their Christian neighbors were celebrating. This 'invention of tradition', as such imaginative constructs are called,〔Eric Hobsbawn and Terence Ranger (eds) ''The Invention of Tradition'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York 1983 pp.1-14〕 made the pageantry of the Nabi Musa pilgrimage a potent symbol of both political and religious identity among Muslims from the outset of the modern period.〔Jerome Murphy-O'Connor, ''The Holy Land'' ibid. pp.369-370〕〔Roger Friedland and Richard Hecht, "The Nebi Musa Pilgrimage and the Origins of Palestinian Nationalism," in Pilgrims and Travelers to the Holy Land, ed. Bryan F. Le Beau and Menachem Mor (Omaha, Nebr.: Creighton University Press, 1996), pp. 89-118.〕 Over the 19th century, thousands of Muslims would assemble in Jerusalem, trek to Nabi Musa, and pass three days in feasting, prayer, games and visits to the large tomb two kilometres south, identified as that of Moses' shepherd, Hasan er-Rai, They were then entertained, as guests of the waqf, before returning on the seventh day triumphantly back to Jerusalem.〔Jerome Murphy-O'Connor, ''The Holy Land'' ibid. pp.369-370〕 In the late 19th century, the Ottomans appointed the al-Husayni clan as official custodians of the shrine and hosts of the festival, though their connection with the cult may date back to the previous century. According to Yehoshua Ben-Aryeh, the governor of Jerusalem Rauf Pasha (1876–1888), was the first to attempt to exploit the festival to incite Muslims against Christians. Ilan Pappé offers a different view: 'It is more likely, however, that the governor and his government were rather apprehensive of such an anti-Christian uprising as it could stir instability and disorder at a time when the central government was trying to pacify the Empire. This had been indeed the impression of the engineer (seconded to the Palestine Exploration Fund) Claude Conder. The Hebrew paper, ''Ha-havazelet'', at the time blessed the Ottoman government for imposing law and order in the Nabi Musa affair. The travelogues of Francis Newton testify as well to a peaceful execution of the ceremonies. Indeed, the Turkish government must have acted here against popular feelings, shared by the Husaynis as the masters of the ceremony that Nabi Musa was celebrated in the most unfavourable conditions for the Muslims. It was the iron fist imposed by the Turks that prevented the situation from deteriorating into an all out riot.'〔Ilan Pappé,(The Rise and Fall of the Husainis (Part 1) ), Autumn 2000, Issue 10, Jerusalem Quarterly〕 The procession moved off from Jerusalem under a distinctive Nabi Musa banner which the Husaynis conserved for the annual occasion in their ''Dar al-Kabira''. On arriving at the shrine, the al-Husaynis and another rising Jerusalem family of notables (''A'ayan''), the Yunis clan, were required to provide two meals a day over the week for all worshippers.〔Ted Swedenburg, ‘The Role of the Palestinian Peasantry in the Great Revolt (1936-1939)' Chapter 7 pp.129-167 in Ilan Pappé ''(ed.), The Israel/Palestine Question'', Routledge, London 1999 pp.137-138〕 Once their vows were taken, or vows previously taken were renewed, they were offered to the festival. The priestly family conducting events would provide about twelve lambs, together with rice, bread, and Arab butter, for a communal meal every day.〔 Writing in the early 20th century, Samuel Curtiss recorded that an estimated 15,000〔The Nabi Musa festival numbers compare well with similar popular events in a much more populous country like Egypt. There some 12,000 Arabs would trudge over the desert south of Cairo to visit, a regional saint’s birthday festival (''mulid'') in the 1880s. See Elizabeth Longford, ''A Pilgrimage of Passion,'' Alfred Knopf, New York 1980 p.240〕 people from all over the country attended the Nabi Musa festival every year.〔Curtiss, p.163〕 For some years from 1919, pilgrims made their trek back from Jericho to Jerusalem to the sound of English military music.〔Henry Laurens, ''La Question de Palestine'', vol.1, Fayard, Paris, 2002 p.507〕 The festival was suppressed when Jordan assumed administration over the West Bank in the aftermath of 1948 Arab-Israeli war, because of its symbolic value as a vehicle for potential expressions of political protest. Since 1995, control over the tomb of Nabi Musa has been allocated to the Palestinian National Authority. Al-Qhuthar,he met on his journey to Palestine. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nabi Musa」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|